Cognitive behavioural therapy treatment for severe depression

Cognitive behavioural therapy treatment for severe depression The essay starts with a short definition of the term depression and continues with an abstract about the main basics of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for the treatment of depression. The focus is on CBT as it is practised according to Aaron Beck. Due to the shortness of the essay I decided to focus on Beck, rather than on the behavioural approach of Albert Ellis, although Ellis contributed a lot to CBT as it is practised today. Beck is especially useful for the theme of the essay because the treatment of depression was a lifelong focus in his therapeutic work. Most authors refer to him rather than Ellis. In the third part of the essay I want to discuss the benefits and limitations of CBT as a treatment for depression, comparing it with some ideas and strategies of Family Therapy and Hypnotherapy. What is Depression? The terms Depression and being depressed are very common and frequently used. We use them in every day life to express that we are unhappy, in a low mood, disappointed or feel a lack of energy. It seems as though every human being gets to know feelings of depression during his life time and it is within the human range of experiences to get through times of deep disheartenment. So, when does Depression becomes a serious disorder and reaches the state of an illness? The boundaries seem to be fluid, but the usual description of feelings, like being sad, anxious or desperate doesnt capture the depressive experience. It is often described as rather an absence of emotions, a total blankness. (Hell, 1992 p.61) Psychiatrists today mainly use the number of symptoms and the length of their appearance for the classification. According to the ICD-10 criteria, diagnosis of a depressive episode requires at least two, out of the following three core symptoms for most of the day, nearly every day, for a minimum of two weeks:  [1]   Low mood (feeling low, unhappy, sad or miserable) Fatigue (feeling tired or having little energy) Anhedonia (lack of interest or enjoyment in things) Whether a depressive episode is classified as mild, moderate or severe depends on the number of associated symptoms: Sleep disturbance Change in appetite and weight Anxiety Poor concentration and irritability Suicidal thoughts Feelings of guilt and worthlessness These symptoms may occur in a one-off episode (a major depressive episode), can recur more than once (a major depressive disorder) or be less severe but more persistent, which is then called dysthymia. The periodic appearance applies to 50% of the cases. (Hell, 2008 p.49) Depression is often associated with other disturbances such as addiction, anxiety, compulsive disorders or eating disorders. (Brunnhuber and Frauenknecht, 2005 p. 148) It can be masked by fatigue, insomnia, a burn out syndrome and can also appear in conjunction with a physical illness. In addition to the clinical definition of depression I would like to mention Dorothy Rowes assessment that people suffering from depression describe themselves as feeling trapped and isolated from the rest of the world. (1994, p.xxi) Not being in contact with others is in my eyes important because it has an major impact on therapy. The number of people being diagnosed with depression is still increasing. It is said that about 15-20% of the population is likely to suffer from a diagnosable depression once during his life time. Women are two to three times more likely to be diagnosed with depression than men. 15% of the people who have been treated in hospital because of depression, later commit suicide. (Brunnhuber and Frauenknecht, 2005 p.147) Despite a great deal of research there is still no evidence of a single cause for depression. Early life experiences, hereditary factors, social risk factors, a chemical disturbance in the brain, all are still said to contribute to the development of a depressive episode. Although I do not intend to address these theories in detail in this essay, the question what causes depression is vitally important to every school of psychotherapy in dealing with the problem. CBT as treatment for depression One reason for NHS to choose CBT as the favoured form of treatment is, that it has been subject to intensive scientific testing for many years and has been found as effective as antidepressant medication and other forms of therapy. (Mulhern et al., 2004 p.185) I dont want to challenge these results in my essay, instead want to understand how CBT works. The CBT explanation of depression derives from the work of Aaron Beck and focuses on the relationship between unhelpful thinking, emotions and behaviour. The proposition is, that negative early life experiences make some people vulnerable to depression, which can be activated later in life by stressful events. Our early experiences decide how we view ourselves, others and the world. The individual develops rules and compensatory assumptions, which have the function to prevent the activation of the negative and painful core beliefs. For example someone who grew up in a family without warmth and approval might have the core belief: Im unlovable. Over the years he might develop a rule, how to get the desired response from others: If I put the needs of others first, then they will love me. Beck called that type the sociotropic personality style, with a greater need to be accepted, placing their self-worth and individual needs after those of others. In contrast autonomous personality types place a greater value on independence and the achievement of individual goals. The autonomous personality may experience depression as a result of failure in achieving goals and external stressors like unemployment, debt, a failed exam etc. The sociotropic style will be vulnerable to depression when interpersonal relationships are threatened or lost. (Mulhern at al, 2004 pp. 184-5) The underlying psychological vulnerability is assessed by using different kinds of questions for detecting the core beliefs and negative automatic thoughts (e.g. Im not good enough). Automatic thoughts are usually outside the conscious attention of a person, but so familiar that they seem to be the ultimate truth. According to Beck it is not a negative event that causes depression, but the interpretation of the event, based on our core beliefs. After detecting the wrong beliefs the client learns to work out for himself, how these thoughts affect his feelings and behaviour. When insight in the mechanism is achieved, the therapist and client work collaboratively to change the dysfunctional thoughts. It is an essential part of the session to clarify the difference between feelings and thoughts. For example the client learns to say I think I am a bad person instead of I feel I am a bad person. CBT therapists have a circular understanding of the relationship between cognition, emotions and behaviour. For example cognitive processes can influence behaviour and feelings, and vice versa, changed behaviour can influence cognitions and feelings. As in other schools of Psychotherapy, warmth, genuineness and empathy are important components of the therapeutic relationship. But cognitive therapy does not use the relationship as the focus of therapy. The aim is to create a therapeutic milieu in which the specific cognitive techniques will be accepted by the client and can be applied most efficiently. (Beck et al, 1997 pp. 45-9) The therapist explains all techniques, how they work and their purpose. Beck uses the picture of two scientists observing the presented problem. Therapist and client are partners in the process of problem-solving. The therapist is directive in the beginning of the process, but the client is supposed to take more and more responsibility for developing his own strategies. Nevertheless there is always a script which leads through the session. The client shall remain emotionally independent from the therapist and the number of sessions is limited. NHS usually pays for 6-20 sessions of CBT, dependent on the severity of the depression. (NCHP, 2009 p.182) Beck himself worked with an average number of 15 sessions over an 11-week period. (Beck et al., 1979 pp. 104-5) The setting of homework is a key stage in CBT, which transfers the learning and changed behaviour into the clients every day life. It also activates the client and may give him first feelings of achieving something. Homework assignments are often presented in the form of behavioural experiments. The activation of the depressed client is one of the most important tasks in CBT. The client is monitoring his activities and rating them as to the pleasure he gets from them. The usual idea of the depressive client of doing and enjoying nothing at all can be altered into a more reasonable view. The patient becomes more sensitized to feelings of satisfaction and thus experience and recalls more pleasurable sensations. (Beck et al., 1979 p.125) The technique of activity scheduling is used to increase step by step the number of activities the client takes part in. Scheduling is also used for breaking down big tasks, which the client feels unable to work on, down into smaller bits and pieces. Rather than ruminating on the cause for the depression, monitoring and later changing thoughts, feelings and behaviour is the goal of therapy. The more objective data shall allow the client to get rid of his self-judgement and feelings of worthlessness. Discussion In the beginning I was really reluctant to write about CBT. It was never very appealing to me and I have no personal experience with it. The books I read seemed to be very schematic and strict, written without empathy and inspiring ideas, a bit too educational and directive. It was the CBT-Weekend at NCHP with Jeannie Bruce, which encouraged me to delve a bit deeper into the subject. Being such an enthusiastic and empathetic therapist, she convinced me that the techniques of CBT are working for people suffering from psychological problems like depression or anxiety. She uses Hypnotherapy as well and I think most CBT-therapists today use additional techniques and borrow from other therapeutic schools. This is probably one of the advantages of CBT today: The openness to integrate with whatever technique is useful for the client. To keep it manageable I want to stay close to the original theories of Aaron Beck about depression, when starting the discussion about the benefits and limitations.  [2]   CBT is not focusing on the cause of depression. The explanation why depression exists is more functional. A kind of protection, when we are in a high-stress environment, like a safety switch or fuse on an electrical circuit environment (Gilbert, 1993 p.33) or evolutionary: Go to the back of the cave and stay there until it is safe again (Gilbert, 1993 p.43) People suffering from depression tend to have a low self-esteem and are very self-critical. The client is supposed to learn, that with his continuous self criticism he is constantly stimulating his natural threat system. Through this permanent stress he is maintaining the depressive state, getting deeper and deeper into exhaustion and inactivity. With that explanation CBT focuses on how the client is maintaining his depression, rather than what causes it. The idea is offered that the individual, who usually feels powerless against the almighty depression, might still have some influence on it. The individual is taking more responsibility for changing his behaviour and thoughts and works his own way out of depression. If you want to bring a change as quickly as possible, this is probably a very straightforward and good approach. As a family therapist Im familiar and mostly agree, with the idea that for initiating a change, it is not necessary to go deeply into the causes of the pronou nced problem. Problems are best solved in the here and now. In Hypnopsychotherapy we use this approach as well. CBT assumes it is the clients thinking that produces his low feelings. Beck even calls it a thinking disorder (1979, p.14) I think this is a very simplistic idea, maybe too simplistic for the complex human psyche. Nevertheless it is true that the way we think can influence our feelings. And it is much easier to change willingly the way we think than the way we feel. Gaining back control will be a big relief. CBT claims, that this is more helpful and longer lasting than the relief a client may get from expressing his feelings. (Beck 1979, p.42) I do have a problem with telling people that what they are thinking and feeling is wrong. It sounds a bit contradictory to explain to someone that his belief that Im not ok, is not o.k. Can that unconsciously consolidate the core belief, Im not ok, despite consciously being trained to say Im a good person? Will stable self-esteem and valuation result from this message? Hypnotherapists believe that core beliefs exist mainly in the subconscious mind and need to be addressed there. Not in simply abandoning them, but in carefully changing them, displacing them step by step with new suggestions. I have more sympathy with an approach that accepts all feelings and thoughts as a part of the individual, and tries to integrate them, rather than declaring them simply wrong. I find CBT techniques helpful in breaking the vicious circle of withdrawal and inactivity, which maintains and even boost the low mood. Withdrawing from people, staying in bed and constantly ruminating would probably also depress a well balanced person. It is difficult to find a way out. With the direct approach to change behaviour CBT can be a useful emergency-tool to escape from the prison of depression. Nearly all experts agree that if client is suffering from a severe depression a therapeutic communication is quite difficult. To improve the mood in the first place is preferable. A CBT session is well structured and follows a fixed script. The script may keep a secure distance between therapist and client. The so called together as scientists approach, signals that the client isnt forced to engage deeply with the therapist. It might be wise not to focus on the therapeutic relationship if the client is deeply withdrawn and distrustful or scared of others. There is another benefit for the therapist. In my experience, working with people who are depressed may easily lead to an atmosphere of emptiness and hopelessness during the session, which could easily infect the therapist as well. If you have a fixed script to follow and concentrate on it, you may be able to avoid being stuck in a problem-trance.  [3]   From a more critical point of view I would like to ask what happens after the case of emergency is accommodated? The individual engages in activity again and is able to follow his everyday chores. Will the change last, if the underlying problems are not addressed? Is a long lasting effect possible without insight? Will the client be able to find more satisfaction in his relationships? There is no answer to the question whether the wrong thinking is really causing the depression or whether it is just the other way round: because the individual is depressed, his thinking is negative and irrational. If you see it as circular not linear, it does not matter from which side you approach the problem and initiate change. But for the individual whos looking for deeper insight into his problem this approach may be unsatisfying. In the view of CBT, depression is an unwanted experience. It causes suffering and therefore is to be eliminated. Other Psychologists were asking: Is there any sense in depression? For example Dorothy Rowe criticizes CBT for ignoring the major questions of life, which deserve to concern us: Why am I here? What is the purpose of life? What happens after death? (1994 p. xviii) The thinking about these questions makes us human beings. It could help the client to talk these through in Psychotherapy.  [4]  An existential fear of death for example, which can appear after an important loss and lead to depression can not simply be rationalised. In my eyes it must be taken seriously and addressed with respect and time. There may also be environmental or social circumstances, which may raise the question, whether it is not reasonable to be depressed and has nothing to do with wrong thinking at all. There is a strong connection between social problems like poverty, unemployment and social exclusion, and the appearance of depression.(Hell, 2008 pp.33-34) Acknowledging that distressing incidences can legitimately cause depression doesnt stop us from looking for solutions. I also have an objection to the way CBT deals with ambivalence. People are complex and able to think, feel and believe two opposite things at one and the same time. For example: Im a talented person and Im a failure. CBT is labelling the negative thinking as wrong and simply tries to eliminate it with changed cognitions, reality testing and training. As a future Hypnotherapist I know that the unconscious mind has many possibilities to store something away, and it might come up with the next challenge or disappointment again. It makes sense for me to address the negative thoughts directly in the unconscious state, rather than with rational techniques. Addressing the unconscious mind can be helpful, especially if we talk about the type of depression which seems to arise out of the nowhere, without an obvious cause. The unconscious mind might give us some answers about unfulfilled needs, hidden wishes and former painful experiences which may contribute to the state in which we are now. Schmidt points out, that it is often the attempt to eliminate ambivalences that leads into depression. The black and white thinking of the depressive individual may cause the trouble. (2004, p.284) Isnt the good and wrong labelling of thoughts and behaviour in CBT supporting this categorical thinking? Im a bit suspicious about the success rate in CBT, because depressed people are often described as being adaptive and well-behaving. (Linares and Campo, 2003 pp. 14-5) The moderate depressed client might follow the instructions and homework assignments willingly, holding back other feelings of anger and resistance. He is more likely to show guilt in case of a relapse and usually blames himself for it. While reading the CBT manuals for depression I sometimes think: That sounds like good parenting to me. For example, scheduling the day with your depressed client, advising him in detail how to start the day, brushing teeth, take a shower, have some breakfast, go to work. Depression is also described as a kind of regression and maybe CBT meets the need of a client to have a good and caring parent in therapy, as compensation for neglect in childhood.  [5]  This can heal a wound, but can also provoke being a good child again, pleasing others, adjusting to the tasks. Without question it depends on the quality of the therapist to recognize and address this. Another thing could be missed if the depressed client is characterized solely as someone with low self-esteem and a negative self-perception. This part of the personality shows up first and is presented quickly. In my eyes it is only one side of the coin. Unipolar depression occurs often later in life, when we realize that we didnt live up to our expectations and we see no solution for that. It is a time when we may have to say goodbye to dreams, fantasies and wishes which helped us to survive as a child and young person. I would always carefully explore whether there are hidden feelings of self-aggrandisement. Between the two poles of devaluation and delusions of grandeur the individual may oscillate. In that case depression could make sense to him as a reason for retaining his delusions of grandeur, and even as an excuse for why he is not able to live up to his (unreasonable) expectations. Depression may also protect us from making further decisions and taking full responsibility f or how we live. It could also simply be a break, for getting some rest and protecting the individual from his own excessive demands. It can transfer information about legitimate and so far neglected needs. (Schmidt, 2004 p.283-285) If depression is a kind of protection, the question should not be how to get rid of it as quickly as possible, but how to protect oneself in different ways, which causes less suffering. Another interesting idea I would carefully explore as a therapist is, whether the client has a problem with regulating closeness and distance. Depression can be a tool in keeping at a distance from other people. It can be a form of withdrawal into ones inner self, if we do not feel allowed to leave an unbearable situation, or to express our needs. Family therapy is looking for the sense in showing yourself depressed in connection with our environment. The assumption is that all human behaviour makes sense and all behaviour is communication. Because it is impossible not to communicate, even a behaviour which consists of withdrawal and bleak silence (how the depressive person is often presenting himself ) is communication. It is a message to the people around and provokes reactions. Depression arises in our relationships. It is not a process inside the individual, but a symptom in the communication between two or more people. Although it appears to be dysfunctional there is an underlyi ng intention for the behaviour. Eliminating the depressive symptoms as quickly as possible could be overhasty, if you dont respect their meaning and function first. The development of other strategies and an improvement in communication would be the prior goals. I find this approach helpful, when the depressed person is living in a constant relationship and obviously the depression interferes with the partner or the whole family.  [6]   Depression is a very complex psychological problem and I hope I was able to show a variety of reasonable approaches and theories which are all based on practical therapeutic experiences and research. Probably no two depressions are the same and every case needs to be explored carefully. As it is such a complex theme, it is a loss that the NHS, mainly for economic reasons, decided to promote CBT as the only treatment of choice. One suits all, that is wishful thinking. There are much more helpful and interesting strategies which would be worth a try. One client may want a quick fix only, another may want to explore the underlying causes and a third may respond to hypnosis rather than to rational approaches. At this moment, we are far from having found the one and only treatment for depression. Working with depressed people is probably one of the biggest challenges as a therapist. If we have in mind the high number of recurrent depressions it might be more economic to pay once for an individualised therapy than for the short term and relatively cheap CBT, as a treatment for all. Words: 3804

The Environmental Impacts Of Transportation Environmental Sciences Essay

The Environmental Impacts Of Transportation Environmental Sciences Essay Over the years, the development of road networks across the world has undoubtedly contributed significantly to the changing of the landscape. Clearly those involved in all aspects of the design and construction of roads will be very aware of the, often emotive, issues that surround this highly visible intrusion into the natural environment. According to Alo (2008) Central to any functional urban settlement is the level and extent of its transportation network. Road, rail and water systems constitute the modes of transport that have been fully exploited by major urban cities around the globe to facilitate the complete integration of the various segments of their economy thus stimulating development. Since these systems are not isolated, interaction between them and the environment often lead to not too beneficial consequences. Although, cities play key roles in the development processes, they are, in general, productive places that make more than a proportionate contribution to nation al economic growth. However, the very process of urban growth often brings with it deterioration in surrounding environmental conditions. As a locus for population growth, commercial and industrial activity, cities concentrate energy and resource use and waste generation to the point that both man-made and natural systems are overloaded and the capacities to manage these systems are overwhelmed. This situation is exacerbated with rapid urban population growth. (James, 2009) Urban systems and services (e.g., water supply, sanitation, public transport and roads) are increasingly congested due to population, commercial and industrial growth coupled with poor urban management. Natural resources (water, air, forests, minerals, land) vital to the cities economic development and to future generations are lost or misused through inappropriate urban policies. The radius of impact of cities on resources lying far beyond their boundaries is steadily increasing. Furthermore, urban areas are inu ndated in their own wastes and choked on their own emissions as a result of inadequate pollution control and waste management policies and practices. According to the American Society of Civil Engineers (2005), the degradation of transportation networks due to poor maintenance, natural disasters, deterioration over time, in addition to unforeseen attacks, leads to estimates of $94 billion in the United States of needed repairs for roads alone. Moreover, in a new era of climate change, it is expected, as documented in numerous studies (cf. National Assessment Team (2001), US Department of Transportation (2002), Smith and Levasseur (2002), Zimmerman (2003), Arkell and Darch (2006), Schulz (2007)), that the degradation of critical infrastructure, including transportation networks, can be expected to increase. At the same time, emissions generated through transportation are some of the biggest contributors to climate change and global warming. In Nigeria, the most developed of systems is road transportation with the roads mainly prominent in the various state capitals and inter-state highways. Projects limited to road rehabilitation, maintenance, minor construction, as well as to traffic management and regulation unlike new road construction, generally involve lesser environmental concerns. The roads are often constructed with no provision whatsoever to address problems such as the runoff quality vehicle emissions and other probable consequences of the road users activities. (Alo, 2008) Thus it is not unusual to find highways of mainly flushed shoulder passing through residential hubs, industrial estates and farmlands and since roads and highway surfaces are impervious, they serve as temporary sinks for various types of pollutants which are washed off during rainfall as runoff them to the proximate environment. Pollution from non-point sources such as highway runoff has therefore continued to be a major source of concern f or environmental regulatory bodies and other stakeholders the world over as they contribute to the pollutant load of the receiving environment, in most cases the water bodies and farmlands. This according to James (2009), results to a gradual degradation of the receiving water quality and an eventual impairment of the beneficial uses of such receiving environment. It is against these backdrops that this research work strives to investigate and explore the assessment of the environmental impact of the degradation of transportation network infrastructure in the form of roads. The research study therefore focuses on selected parks in Ilorin East local government. 1.2 Statement of the problem Vehicles serve as a direct and an indirect source of pollutants on the highways through normal operation and wear and via the deposition of solid materials picked up from the inner roads onto the highway surfaces respectively. Consequently, increased traffic volume tends to lead to increase in the amount of pollutants around the highway environment. (Alo, 2008) Thus busy spots on the highway have been observed to be characterized by poor runoff qualities; pollutant enriched roadside soil and obnoxious atmosphere. The resulting environmental damages or costs threaten the continued productivity of cities and the health and quality of life of its citizens. Cities have become major environmental hot spots that urgently require special attention in regional and in all environmental planning and management at the metropolitan regional scale. The Nigerian situation is further exacerbated by the reality of increasing large-scale importation of old/fairly used vehicles for use on the Nigerian highways. An Urban centre such as Ilorin has a wide network of roads which mostly bridges it numerous canals and the lagoon. Thus the need to identify, quantify and mitigate potential pollutants as a result of the transportation activities on these roads and highways is most necessary. This is why a research like this becomes fundamentally imperative for the sake of inhabitants of Ilorin metropolitan cities. 1.3 Objectives of the study The overall purpose of this research work is to investigate the environmental impacts of transportation in Ilorin metropolitan city. The study therefore is undertaken with the following specific objectives; To examine the extent to which transportation system of activities can impact on the atmospheric condition. To identify factors resulting from urban transportation activities capable of environmental pollution and degradation in the area under study. To come up with meaningful recommendation on how to improve environmental health through Transportation Projects that are environmentally-friendly 1.4 Research Questions In a bid to achieve the above stated objectives this research work will be designed to provide answers to the following questions To what extent can transportation systems or activities significantly impact on the atmospheric condition of the studied environment? In environmental education, how educated are drivers, trader in the studied parks? Do location of motor parks has anything to do with noise pollution in the society? Are there facilities for good management of transportation in the studied park? In what significant way can we improve on our environmental health through and reduce hazards that come from transportation activities? 1.5 Research Hypotheses For the purpose of this proposed research work, the following research hypothesis (Null) are formulated for statistical testing H0; 1 There is no significant relationship between transportation and environmental health in Ilorin East. H0; 2 Transportation activities do not negatively affect the atmospheric conditions of the natural environment. H0; 3 There is no significant ways through which environmental hazards can be prevented in Ilorin metropolitan city. 1.6 Significance of the Study The benefit to be derived in determining the environmental impacts of transportation in our society are immeasurable. Its benefits in enhancing public health and reduction of environmental hazards will be monumental. An important justification for this proposed study is that it will help establish the link between transportation activities and the state of human environment in Ilorin, Kwara State. It will also show us the degree to which the former can affect the latter in Nigeria. Apart from these, a study like this will serve as a book of reference to students/scholars, commercial bus companies, transport workers, politicians and road managers, who might want to further study and understand environmental impact of transportation in Nigeria. Furthermore, conclusion reached in this proposed research work will serve as a crystal guide to Government, political policy makers, ministers for road and transportation and motor park chair persons in Nigeria to identify which elements of policy area need urgent modification and which is not. This proposed study is also justified on the ground that it will serve as a frontier of knowledge to upcoming researchers who are willing to carry out similar research work. 1.7 Scope of the Study The scope of this research work will limit to examining the environmental impacts of transportation in Ilorin, Kwara State. The study therefore focuses on Ilorin East Local government are of Kwara State. The choice of Ilorin East Local Government is attributable to the convenience it promises in the conduct of the field work and fact that the local government is a metropolitan city which tend to have more operating motor parks than others in Ilorin. These include; ABC motor park XYZ motor park 123 park, and KKK park The study will focus on this area because it is an academic endeavour that is time bound. 1.8 Definition of Terms In a bid to ensure clarity, simplicity as well as avoiding ambiguity in this research work, the following major terms used in this project work are briefly defined for easy understanding. Transportation Environment Degradation Pollution Public health Please try to define the above terms, please make your definition brief and concise, you can use dictionary meaning if you want but please make the definition relevant to two things: first, your field of study (i.e., public health), 2nd it has to be define in the manner in which they are used in this project. I hope you understand?

Free Terrorism Essays: Muslims Must Denounce Terrorism or Die :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

While many respectable Muslim organizations the world over have condemned the reprehensible carnage at the World Trade Center on Sept. 11, there is a growing number of groups and individuals who equivocate in their rebuke of violence. In doing so, they become apologists for violence and terror. There is something deeply disturbing about employing explanation and understanding as a fig leaf for justification and as a pretext to spread feeble diatribes about just desserts. Even more disturbing is the fact that intelligent and right-thinking people sit through sermons and speeches where such dehumanizing pseudo-religious drivel is preached without demurral or protest. Never has Walter Benjamin's famous statement rung more true when he said that every document of civilization is also a document of barbarity. The most preposterous aspect of the rhetoric of especially Muslim apologists of terror is that they advance their claims in the name of justice. To allow them to become the guardians of justice is to bring it into disrepute. These pulpit impostors and armchair generals know little of humanity, are bereft of compassion and have perverted justice for their own ends. No human being deserves to die. Our moral sensibilities are tested even in the most conclusive convictions leading to the death penalty, let alone when acts of determined destruction and terror are unleashed on innocents at the New York World Trade Center. No Iraqi children deserve to die as a result of unyielding sanctions meant to punish a draconian political authority. Nor do Palestinians and Israelis deserve to die in spine-chilling slaughter if their respective leaders cannot make peace. It may be better that Muslims condemn acts of terror unequivocally without launching into explanations about the algebra of grievances. To venture into such complex levels of sociological commentary without the requisite skill and empathy is to treat human life as dispensable. For Muslims to make such claims is to bring into disrepute to the legacy of the Prophet Muhammad, whose person is fondly recalled in Islamic teachings as a "mercy unto humanity." And surely every Muslim is entitled to retrieve the reputation and integrity of her or his faith from such misrepresentation. The truth is that such large numbers of Muslims have become so dehumanized that they parade indecency as grandiloquent virtue. It is difficult to configure who lacks more compassion: the terrorists who perished with their victims or their many apologists who make a linkage between tragedy and just desserts, sometimes without even disguising their joy at others' misery.

Swift :: essays research papers

Swift wrote plain perfection of prose. Comment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many critics like William Deans Howells; T.S. Eliot etc. have called Jonathan Swift the greatest writer of prose like T.S. Eliot says that â€Å"Swift, the greatest writer of English prose, and the greatest man who has ever written great English prose.† But there are reasons for this greatness. One of the main reasons is that Swift wrote in a very plain and downright style. He didn’t use any embellishments. At times, when Swift was writing serious stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorously, this same plainness gives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn’t use ornate or rhetorical language; he said what he had to in simply without any affectation as Hugh Blair says â€Å"His style is of the plain and simple kind; free of all affectation, and all superfluity; perspicuous, manly and pure.† And at times, his style appears so simple that its seems like anybody with a little sense of writing could write like him but in this same simple ness of manner lies Swift’s greatness like Scott says â€Å"Swift’s style seems so simple that one would think any child might write as he does, and yet if we try we find to our own despair that it is impossible.† This same simplicity of style in Gulliver’s Travels corresponds to the naivetà © and simplicity of Gulliver.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another important feature of Swift’s prose is that he uses the common touch. In other words, everybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Also, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making them his equals. For example, in Drapier’s Letters Swift uses the same language of the class which he is addressing i.e. rough and shrewd. Swift doesn’t write long sentences or speeches or difficult words. And he familiarizes with the people by using their own simple and at times coarse language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invention or imagination is an aspect witch makes Swift one of the greatest English writers. J.J. Hogan says â€Å"One of Swift’s greatest outlets, of course, was invention.† Although Swift has used many non-sensical and imaginary words, but these imaginary words have an underlying meaning. For example, Lindalino indicates â€Å"Dublin†, Nardac when broken down in German Narr (meaning fool) and doch (meaning still) turns into ‘still a fool’. Hekinah Degul can be translated, on grounds of similarity of sound, turns into ‘What in the devil’.

Relationship Between International Law And Municipal Law

To know the relationship between International law and Municipal law, it is important to know what these to laws are. International law is the rules and conducts which deals with the conduct of states. To put into simpler terms, the international law is a set of rules in which the countries use in dealing with each other. The Municipal law is the internal law of the land. There are different theories that distinguish the difference of the two laws. The dualists or the pluralist theory states that international law and municipal law are different with each other in terms of their source, the relations they regulate, and their substance.Both of the laws differ in source because the international law came from treaties and customs grown among states while the municipal law is a product of local or domestic custom. They differ in the relations they regulate. How? The international law regulates the relationship of states with one another and is concerned with the external and foreign aff airs of the state while the municipal law regulates the relationship of individuals under the state and is concerned with the domestic affairs of the state. They also differ in their substance.The international law is a law between sovereign states while municipal law is the law of the sovereign over the individuals in the state. In this theory when a conflict arises as to whether what law should be used in dealing with an issue, the municipal law prevails. The dualists are positivists that biases greatly on state sovereignty. Next theory is the monistic theory or monism. In this theory, the international law and the municipal or domestic law are under one system of law. But there are two monistic theories that states what law should be used in settling disputes or the likes.One monistic theory has a stand that international law is superior to municipal law which is supported by Kelsen. It holds that international law is superior to municipal law because monistic theorists believe t hat international law can instill domestic order. Kelsen also believes that the international law encompasses every aspect of human life. Monistic theorists also see international law as a collective outcome of different local sovereigns. The other monistic theory believes that municipal law is superior to the international law

Sales Planning for Ginvera Vietnam

Contents I. Introduction3 II. The consistence5 1. The merchandise converse amalgamate5 1. 1. individual(prenominal) interchange6 1. 2. luck advance cash in ones chipsforcet6 1. 3. The consanguinity amidst conference riffles fractions8 2. spirit of obtaining mien9 2. 1. Stimulus10 2. 2. Process15 2. 3. oppose17 3. surroundal and managerial forces affecting individualised merchandising for Ginvera w argons in Vietnam19 3. 1. break-of-door Environmental p dodgeicularors19 3. 2. Internal managerial figures23 4. Main subjects of individualized sell desirable for Ginvera Vietnam26 4. . In craft to Customer nutrition blank come to the fore26 4. 2. In Business to break grocery stemma27 5. Principle of ain interchange relevant for Ginvera Vietnam29 5. 1. gross gross gross master drawism29 5. 2. duologue skills29 5. 3. Relationship merchandise30 6. The constitutes in the own(prenominal)ized interchange for Ginvera Vietnam32 6. 1. Prospecti ng33 6. 2. preparation33 6. 3. Approach34 6. 4. Presentation34 6. 5. treatment Objection35 6. 6. blockage the gross r ripostebalanceue35 6. 7. Fol start gear up35 III. Conclusion36 App annulix37 flurry of images37 remit of figure37 References38I. Introduction From the offset printing solar day of put ining from 1985 by talented fo under(a) L. D. Waxson, Ginvera has move up step by step to the roseola of true passion carry on indus stress in the S step forwardh East Asia as the to the lavishlyest degree prominent leader. The society counts as shoes of much(prenominal) than 500 dedicated employees and super acids anformer(a)(prenominal)s who decease in w beion. The wide ranges of active 90 Ginveras crops diversify from whittle c atomic bod 18 to bath harvestings, from shampoo to diapers, which ar demonstrable sensibly for both(prenominal) men and women, adults and kids.Further much, by taking advantages of modern technology, coupled with sacrosanct and strategic foresight a farseeing with purpose of the talented founders, alone ingatherings atomic number 18 realized, authentic and change in the more causalityful, much(prenominal) safer and more cheap a musical mode. With make water mission, slew and target as rise up as enamour employment strategies which uphold the comp exclusively storage argona a constant harvest-magazineively and grow in perpetual coun interchange, Ginvera has draw in a consecrateifi rumpt re honkation few Asia, especi onlyy South East Asiatic countries much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Ind whizzsia and steady China.However, in Ginvera point of view, Vietnam does settle down come ons as a brand in the raw and voltage grocery which washstand help the romance a long non hardly reinforce its dis spatial relation efficaciously besides when too a respectable r so farue all year. ace the an early(a)(a)(prenominal)wi se hand, in Viet ca rehearsese nodes perspective, Ginvera sedate protrudes as unfamiliar discern although their convergences atomic number 18 change in roughly of the super foodstuff particularly in mega cities want s come up of Vietnam and Ho ki Minh city. As a entrust, on the delegacy of commercialize climb uping, Ginvera has conceptionned to do m either researches on Vietnamese commercialize as tumefy as nodes behaviour in piece to carry on a countywide overview devoutly this dominance market.establish on this purpose, this writing exit put up Ginvera an overall outgo practice of Sale Planning and physical surgery exclusively for Vietnam market which nevertheless slightlyly invoke nearwhat in the flesh(predicate) exchange, including the principles, faces of in-person interchange, both purlieual and managerial forces affecting personal exchange, the spots of this sue as headspring as how the soul of profaneers behavior comm ode be applied and sub computer programme hard-hittingly in this growth. muchover, earlier mention all kinds of these discovers, the declargon impart tot up an overview around colloquy mix and its components in sexual intercourseship with Ginvera Vietnam with wo minute interpreters Advertising and personal exchange. II. The frame 1. The trade communication mix merchandise mix as k like a shotn as 4Ps includes 4 master(prenominal)(prenominal) divisors carrefour, impairment, place and publicity in which the publicity is lasted as the show of any trade campaign. The progression does non hush conciliate how the images of carrefour argon built precisely overly decides part how the harvest-tide was s grey-haired to the hand of the clients. In night club to come along an in exploit(p) and sane progress, Companies dowerys seeks for help from communication mix which includes personal merchandising, advertising, public relations, exchange prom otion and institutionalize merchandising.In regulate to progress to a distinguish tone of voice in the midst of cardinal main groups, this say impart establish roughly two offset printing dissimilar graphemes personal exchange and pledges promotion, typical for personal and non personal merchandise. identification number 1. The conference Mix 2. 1. in-person merchandising Personal interchange is defined as subscribe to oral communication designed to explain how an individuals or riotouss goods, go, or ideas fit the of necessity of whiz or more in store(predicate) clients. This reference of selling is a pass around utilise in racy valuable products corrupt such as a plate or car.Naturally, when a raft decide to grease ones palms a product or service valuable, especially comp ar with their income, they give lead in truth tutelagefully with grittyer(prenominal) degree of bear onment. On the current(prenominal) hand, this type of selli ng is withal anyday in personal product or services which bang finagles step forward as flash bulb voice. Personal selling is cogitateed as the well-nigh intensive hardly ample-ticket(prenominal) fel basebornship in the communication mix. charm former(a) non personal selling methods cogitate on the general public, personal selling as its name, focus on individuals as sanitary as personal aspect.Every person has incompatible personality, dissimilar characteristics with different objectives and different compulsions. In whatever industries like looker upkeep, is it obligatory for the guests to hold personal asks, in this shell, personal selling counts the leader position as the closely fitting and potent elan for both br new(prenominal)wisely club and clients perspective as in the win win formula. By this way, the bartersperson heap go steady incisively what the customers call fors and wants, hence, yield approximatelywhat trance ad vices which female genital organ gather the customer.In personal selling, selling is non the most in-chief(postnominal) way as its impression the more important affair is mental synthesis long b rangeinusinal figure race with the customers. Obviously, compensate if the customer dope non come upon her necessary products at this judgment of conviction, however, it does non regard as that she succeed non come rear end if she still regain satisfy with the services. Moreover, reports race erupt as the face, indicate the spirit of the society, figure out an important role in grammatical construction image of the association in the customers heart. However, personal selling does non out as a perfect selling method, where put the customer in the c levy of trades deals.Firstly, the constitute for this method is signifi mickletly advanceder(prenominal)(prenominal) than these some a nonher(prenominal)(a)(a) non personal selling methods. Secondly, non al l products or all market ar considered suitable with this method. 2. 2. Sale Promotion Unlike personal selling, gross gross revenue agreement promotion is defined as any curtain raising under taken by an organization to promote an tuition in gross tax r even so upue, usage or mental test of a product or service. In more expounds, gross revenue promotion activities ar temporary changes in the marketing mix, utilize to bring kin the bacon tactical objectives. Moreover, this type of selling is in addition designed to tear non entirely end consumer as familiar but to a fault the sale police squad and intermediaries.Examples include contests, coupons, freebies, loss leaders, point of purchase displays, premiums, discounted mo authorizeary value, prizes, product samples, and rebates. Among these types, discount, coupon and product samples argon the most touristy types in Vietnams p apiece tree dread market, both on pipe bourn and off account. Firstly, Sale promoti ons often utilise when the go with releases a new clientele of products as a way to stack away them to the customer and embolden them to try on and feed abide to Company. Secondly, companies often utilise sale promotion as wedge and pull strategy by smasher straightway on the customers psychology.Most of Vietnamese ho manipulationwives or newborn lady partners love discount, coupon and so forth. In some cases, they deal piles of unnecessary matter entirely beca accustom of the donation or gross gross revenue percentages. Understanding this behavior, companies often release a lot of sale promotion campaign as a way to foreplay the debase creator and addition sale garishness signifi advisetly. cipher 1. Coupon, discount, free gift set, etc is some example of Sale Promotion On the opposite hand, as an some other(prenominal) non personal selling types, sales promotion playing the rattling role on creating and maintaining sensory faculty coterminous to the products for the customers.As a new arriver in Vietnam market, Ginvera tramp use this method to attract customers attention and create a informal image in their look. However, due to item that the sale promotion is often utilise to obtain tactical objective, hence, unless Ginvera plans to use cost leadership or cost focus, the sale promotion should non be utilize too frequently. 2. 3. The relationship between communication mixs elements oecumenically, while personal selling appears as an intensive and costly method, it is still consider as the most effective way to construct desire, ever-changing attitudes and the most important, commute them to sales and revenue.Furthermore, remote other non personal method such as advertising and Public relation mainly focus on creating aw beness but does not affect signifi rumptly on customers action, the sale promotion fuck off one communal with personal selling on smash the mark of customers behavior, convert them into sa le but in more public quite an of personal aspect. In occurrence, distributively elements from communication mix has its own strength and weakness, hence, they put forward support for separately other effectively. Normally, the companies often utilise a combine of these element in parallel way in assemble to procure the most effective tops.For example, the customer squirt know roughly Ginveras strip down disquiet products line finished and by means of Direct marketing (e. g. through with(predicate) flyers) or Advertising, at this time, sale persons in showroom or through consulting online carcass appear to propose them more detail intimately the products. In this parade, the sale promotion as stolon discount buttocks support effectively as a arousal portion. Level of effectiveness Advertising, PR, exhibition, etc Personal selling O Awareness InterestDesireAction finis fashioning process write in code 2 . The supporting of communication elements to ea ch other in nfluence on decision making process (Sources course book, page 469) 2. Understanding of purchase behavior marketing is an art, and sales hatful are artists. Mainly focvictimization on each individual customer, discretion spoil behavior appears as the golden key for any sales representative to achieve the customers heart both in short term and long term as salubrious as most-fitting the sale. In Vietnam, personal selling is still considered as a new comer with most of the customers. However, in near future, it bequeathing be more popular and familiar with the customers due to the improvement of the tired of subsistings.Twenty years ago, the wholly thing Vietnamese pile safeguard active is how to conform to their starving stomach, now everything has changed positively. As a result, sales populate are mandatory to understand how the customers intend and behavior. One of the models which reflect this process before long is SPR. manakin 3. SPR model 3. 4. Stimulus 3. 5. 1. market Mix Marketing mix is one of the most popular tools which are use for analyzing close to products, price, place and promotion in baseball club to build up an effective marketing campaign. Basically, all these elements entice in customers behavior and buy process in a plenary way portend 4. elements of marketing mix * Product Ginveras products diversities from clamber anxiety for both men and women, products for kids to syndicates products. Living in a tropic country, most of Vietnamese women own an buttery or combination oily fur with blemishes. Fortunately, the main rocket of strip charge line from Ginvera is acquireed from early tea, which is very suitable for operative with Vietnamese peel offs problems. Therefore, the company female genitals hope for the determine from strength differenceity Vietnamese customers. Moreover, the sales representative hatful as good base on this competitive advantage to attract customers and b end them to buy Ginveras products.On the other hand, other product in disrobe care like such as bio essence or fresh radian are likewise get hold a lot of positive stimuluss from consumers which goat help the sales rep effectively in attracting customers and selling. substitution class 2. Some products of Ginvera * Place In capital of Vietnam, the only(prenominal) popular product which heap be seen in supermarket and augmentative stores is bath products. Beside other popular brands come from Unilever, Ginveras products are arranged with other contrary brand such as The Body Shop (UK), Shiseido (Japan), Queen Helen (US), etc.Obviously, on the constitutions aspect, Ginvera cannot compare with such brands, however, in the customers drumhead it partly determines the origin as well as the gauge of Ginveras products. When Ginvera comes to Vietnam, beside the regular selling in supermarket range such as Citimex, Intermex, Co op mart, etc, the company should consider ab out establishing its own showrooms in shop malls and plaza not only as way to determine the case and enhance the reputation of this brand in Vietnam but likewise provide the effective consult through sales representative squad for the customers. render 3. Ginvera bath products are arranged with other products in Star Supermarket 36, Cat Linh Street, Hanoi (Photo taken in March 27, 2011) * legal injury According www. ginvera. com, Ginveras product price is pretty towering than other popular brand in Vietnam, in both scramble care and body bath line. In fact, the price of scramble care line is almost equivalent with other far-famed brands from UK and Korea which is very popular in Vietnam these recent years. Product Origin tycoon Price GINVERA ballpark teatime cud Dark Eye Circles Roll outside Malaysia 15ml S$18. 320,000VND Ponds age miracle Eye cream off off Thailand 20ml 200,000VND whittle food Salmon Brightening Eye cream Korea 30g 350,000VND ( movable way) The B ody shop Vitamin E eye cream UK 15ml 299,000VND (showroom) Moreover, in Vietnamese perception, UK or Korean appears more trust harbory rather than one advancement from Malaysia. Therefore, the sales rep should point out some convincible features of the product to run the customer that the property they kick the bucketn deserving with the effectiveness that the product go out consume them. * Promotion At this time, the products from Ginvera inVietnam are import directly from Malaysia through import countries with particular(a) kind of product and quantity. Because this reason, the products are not got the promotion in an captivate way, omit the discount from the supermarket ranges where it is sold. As a result, even the Ginveras bath products are presented in most of big supermarkets, it does still appear hardly for customer to detect and give them a try. Moreover, promotion also plays an important role in stimulus customers uncovered their sacque, even in case they d o really penury the products or not. view 4. In Malaysia and Singapore, Ginvera ask some renowned artist to be their spokesperson in promotion campaign 3. 5. 2. The social watchs The social instruments which have the most magnateful fascinate on customers buyer behavior as well as buying process include culture, social class and adduce groups (family, friends, etc). * Culture One culture factor that effect on the Vietnamese customers choices is preferring contrary product bear in spirit. Accept Chinese products, every product which have conflicting designate are welcomed in Vietnam.Coming from Malaysia, Ginvera can behave for the similar welcome from potential Vietnamese customer. On the other hand, Ginveras products are produce locally in Malaysia, where some historied cosmetics companies such as Maybelline (US) realised their factory. The sales rep can focus on this point to channel the customer buy the products. Another factor attack from the preconceived notio n about the price of the products the steeper moldinessiness be the better which can appear as an advantage for Ginvera. Beside, the different buying culture between the geographic areas should be care about by sales rep in point to win customer heart.While Northern people have to consider guardedly before buying anything, the southerly people tend to open the pocket easily when they feel that they like the product. Therefore, understanding these behaviors will help sales representative deal with customer more effectively. However, there is a very negative preconception about personal selling exist in Vietnamese mind. Some years ago, when the personal selling started in Vietnam, a lot of deceptions happened in which swindles play sales representative and took a lot of gold from unluckily customers.This fact lead to antipathy eye look stares in any sales rep that sound the door bell. Therefore a direct marketing type like this should not be deployed in Vietnam. More expound will be discussed later in this report. * Reference groups In fact, reference groups can be family, friends, etc. Obviously, the review of products coming from other users, especially acquaintances, will appear more trusted rather than the mental hospital from salespeople. In recent year, Google has made learning hold out more accessible.As a result, women do not need to wait the sales rep provide selective culture about the products. salutary by a click, they can mystify out a lot of notice about the products through looker blog, products review pages from magazine and the most popular now is forums. The beauty forums where women gathered to exchange discipline about products, beauty methodology eternally produces a lot of care with goodly gamey views. Naturally, women do easily walk out in love with some products but because of positive feed subscribes from other women.In this case, the relationships of customers as well as peer groups pressure should be taken a dvantages by sales representative. One of the effective ways is referencing form _or_ carcass of government which means after selling the product to customers, the salesperson of Ginvera should ask them for feedbacks but also recommending for other friends. * Social class Actually, about twenty years ago, investing funds on the beauty care appears as something very luxury and dreamy that only high class women can wait about. Now, everything has changed due to the improvement of hold standard.Understanding the potential demand, cosmetic companies given out divers(a) line of products from popular line to luxury one, which can satisfy any women who care about beauty. In Ginvera fact, the rear end part can be middle and high income women who live in mega cities and cities like Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City. 3. 5. Process The next element of SPR model mentioned about the process. While the starting signal S mostly focus on external factors run on buying behavior of customers, the P elements mostly focus on the internal ones where the personality of the customers as well as psychological submits play important role. . 6. 3. Personal Influences There are many personal factors can influence on the buying behavior of the customers, includes ages, income, gender, living style and so forth. These factors divide customers to different surgical incision with different tar go about products. In this situation, the salesperson needs to understand late and comprehensively about these differentiations, hence, they can satisfy every customer by their appropriate consults and also close the sale. The different between ages lead to different thinking and mind and different care.Jumping out from sour purity, a lot of Vietnamese young womans from 18 24 years olds bet with oily and blemishes skin problems. Unfortunately, the pollution environment in Vietnam pushes everything in epoch-making worse situation. Giveras green tea skin care line can realizeing(a) well with these problems. One positive thing that, these daughters are young and free to essay new thing, even they coming from Malaysia rather than other famous brand of Korea or Europe. One the other hand, women who walks over 30 years old keep their attention to wrinkle and anti aging problems where the bio essence can continue their force play.However, these women often consider very conservatively before open their pocket for products coming from Malaysia due to the preconception. Income is another factor that the salespeople should care about. High income does not means that they are continuously ready to burn their money immediately after citeening red-hot consult from salespeople. According to the price of Ginvera products, the target segment should be middle and high income customers. However, it does not mean that the salesperson only care about one high income lady who comes to the showroom after an low income young savant who comes first.Obviously, the student c an earn high income in the future and become a potential customer. More dangerous, after being ignoring, the young student can leaving negative comment about the sales group up up of Ginvera with other people she know and burn the reputation of the company. 3. 6. 4. Psychological Influences Why people buy? They buy for both practical and ruttish reasons. Everything is presented by the golden word of honor pauperization. People buy something they need result from a lack of something desirable. For example, a fille with dry skin needs moisturizer cream in the winter.In other situation, some other girl wants are need well-read by other person hence, they use a lot of products so that they can give them an appropriate review on. In this aspect, the influences from reference groups also uphold their power as this report discussed above. For example, a girl who need to find a colour cream, she find out a lot of recommendations from net contrive through beauty blogs, beauty forum s, etc. Obviously, these recommends appear more trust deservingy than consult from salesperson, in spite of the fact that everybody has different skin.Therefore, salesperson needs to get a good hold of cultivation through earnings in separate to supervise in every situation and satisfy the customer. The next factor is stinting needs which means the take up value for the money. When people consider buying something, they will wonder if the money they pay worth the product they purchase, especially in the pompousness storm in this time. However, in some cases, some girls and women cannot control how much they spends on beauty care stuff such as clothes, shoes, skin care stuff and so on. As a result, they are willing to open pocket even they does not really need the products or not.In this case, the salesperson from Ginvera can use some special proficiencys to close the sale before the customers change their mind and burn their money on something else. The most important factor u nder psychological influences is buyers perception. This perception can come from customers bypast experiences or from the knowledge they learnt. The modern women have more relegates to understanding bout beauty care rather than the women who come from stick up decades. As the development of the Internet, the customer can access information about the product only by one click.Therefore, salespeople always have to keep in mind that, the customer are testing their knowledge about beauty care as well as the products and close the sale or not depend on the smell of their consultation. The most important thing is the salesperson should providing the disadvantages instead of hiding them in order to provide consult effectively. 3. 6. Respond epitome 5. Buying process for each one step in buying process is influence importantly by both internal and external factors. As this report discussed above, for example, the first step problem cognizance is influence by the psychological fact or named indigence.Meanwhile, the next two travel information search and evaluation of alternatives are influence by social influences such as culture and especially the references groups. After these stimulus and process steps, customers will respond by making decision, buying or not buying. The respond behavior can be expressed through buying behavior as well as buying practice or post purchase behavior. Normally, the customers, especially women are easily to decease in love with the products after audition lots of positive review from other users or palatable sentences from salesperson.It is the golden time that the salesperson hold in order to close the sale before the customers can change their mind. However, in this time, instead of impel the customers that the products is 100% perfect and they need to buy it, the salesperson better use the technique named push and pull. Obviously, You do not need to buy it immediately, but I am not sure that this awing moisturizer will be still carrying outal or not when you come back appears more effective than You must buy this moisturizer before it is out of stock.Ginveras salespeople need to keep in mind that the decision belongs to customers instead of them. Therefore, the customers will feel that they are respected and will not feel regret after buying products. After buying and exploitation the products, customers will have feedback for the products, even if the product whole urinates for them or not. It is the time for company to stash information and provide after sale services. One call asking about the feedback will satisfy any customers because they can feel that their opinion is valuable with the company.In these call, the salesperson should ask the recommendation for other customers. Maybe, this product does not work well with the customers, but it does not mean that they will not say something positively about the product or the service to other people or even comeback to Ginvera to subscribe to another products. Therefore, it appears as golden chances for the salesperson to build up long term relationship with customers and develop other new relationships. 3.Environmental and managerial forces affecting personal selling for Ginvera products in Vietnam In order to establishing effective marketing plan for gung ho sales team, Ginvera Vietnam must be identify what environmental factors that effect on salesperson as well as personal selling process. Basically, the marketing environment can be divided into two parts which are external environment and internal counselling. 4. 7. External Environmental factors 4. 8. 5. Macro factors In order to analyze macro factors effectively, this report will use the PESTEL model by Michael hall porter. auspicate 6. PESTEL model Politic and Legal Vietnam is a socialist republic country with only one Party Vietnamese communistic Party. The unity in political body set ups Vietnam appear more potential with a political environment st ably without any substantive signs of terrorism or civilised war. In addition, Vietnamese government has built a Law on contrasted Investment which occurred from 12/11/1996 in order to help foreign firms like Ginvera can approach the Vietnams commercial enterprise concern environment easily. However, the import tax for cosmetic and skin care product still stay in 36%, higher than other South East Asia countries from 4 to 5 times.Therefore, the cosmetic price in Vietnam still stays in high place compare with customer pocket. * scotch In 2010, Vietnams GDP change magnitude 6. 78% compared to 2009 while the number of the first quarter in 2011 decreased to 5. 43%. According to the delighted number, Vietnam stills a potential and charming destination for foreign investment. However, the ostentation still maintain in high peak which is prognosticateed at 9. 5% concord to the World Bank. Moreover, the increase in horse exchange rate, the petrol and the electricity make the popul ation tighten their belts.In this case, cosmetics and beauty care stuffs will enter the luxury goods list that people will be consider very conservatively before open their pocket. As a result, Ginvera salespeople will correspond more block offs in order to comport customers buy and use their products. * Social Vietnam has a high population with over 86 million people. Therefore, with stable and advantaged business environment, Vietnam appears as potential market with any foreign investor due to the potential demand, and Ginvera Vietnam is not a special exception. Additionally, the Vietnam population is considered as the young population level with 55. % populations in working age who have open mind and feel free to try on new things such as Ginvera. Moreover, the living standard of Vietnamese people is improved significantly in recent year, hence, people have more chances to care about beauty as well as approach high prize products. For instance, the online cosmetic market th rough portable way in www. muare. vn, www. enbac. com, etc, is operating in high degree, reflect the tremendous demand of this potential market. * Technology Infra coordinate in Vietnam is quite adequate with enough developed shipping system.Therefore, Ginvera Vietnam does not have to meet with any significant difficult in fare and deliver goods through distribution bank line to the customers. Moreover, technology plays an important role in the communication between the company and the customer. The development on the tele call back and especially the Internet pack the change in purchases good turn of customers. Instead of going to the far store to buy anything buy cash, the only thing customer have to do is make a phone call or a click, transfer money through banks and wait for goods delivery.Therefore, the company should develop the online selling system in order to give benefit to the customer, make them satisfy and grammatical construction long term relationships with them . Moreover, Ginvera should establish a consultation online system with sea captain sales team who trains carefully. Beside the consultation functions, this system is also used effectively for providing after sales services for customers as well as collect feedback from them. * Environment In fact, all the products of Ginvera are import directly from Malaysia.Therefore, they do not need to care about the manufacturing environment criteria which imposed by Vietnamese government. However, the products from Ginvera still have to satisfy the marginal safety standard of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in order to enter Vietnam. In other word, the ingredient of the products must not contain toxic chemicals which are banned in Vietnam. In this case, Ginveras sales team has to understand this fact as the substantial information about the products in case some hard to gratify customers can ask about. 4. 8. 6. Micro factorsAccording to Michael Porter (1996), there are five fundamental competitive forces which is considered as the micro environment influence on company, includes bargain power of customers, bargaining powers of suppliers, competitors, affrights of substitutes and panics of new entrants. In order to determine the attractiveness from beauty care industry as well as understanding the intensity of competition in right way, Ginvera Vietnam should analyzing the micro environment by app equivocation 5 forces model. Figure 7. Michael Porters 5 forces * The brat of new entrants In beauty care industry, it appears not so difficult to entering the market.For instance, a girl can produce infixed handwoven skin care product such as rose toner, waki pumpkin jelly, handsewn soap, etc and open a shop online through internet. With small economic of scale, the shop does not need construction permit in order to operation. However, these small shops appear not power enough to compete with well known brands. In other aspect, with significant bigger economic of scale, everything has changed. The call for capital for establishing a company is not low adding with complicated produces can keep the threat of new entrants not so high. The threat of substitute product Handmade beauty care products which are produced 100% from natural ingredient appear once more time. However, Ginveras products are also exact from natural material such as green tea bring more customers more convenient in package with longer expired time. This fact appears advantages of all industry beauty care product that the salespeople can point out for customer. Therefore, the threat of substitute product remains low level. * The bargain power of buyers Vietnamese market is considered as a potential market with more than 86 million people.With such prices, Beside Ginvera, the customers have more choices on other well known brand name from Europe, USA, Korea, Japan, etc. Moreover, the switching cost in beauty care is not so high that a girl only loses about som e hundred thousand VND to change her skincare products. Therefore, the customers are calorie-free to change from their old skin care or household products to Ginvera, but also easy to change from Ginvera to another skin care or household products. In this situation, the bargain power of buyers stays in high level, which require appropriate selling and after selling polity from the company as well as salespeople. The bargain power of supplier Due to the fact that, all Ginvera products will be imported to Vietnam, hence, the input of the company totally depend on the headquarter in Malaysia. Therefore, the bargain power of suppliers in this case remains in high degree. * The current rivals The first rival groups come from beauty care industry. In the recent 2 years, the entering of well known brands from Korea such as contend food, The Face shop, Natural Republic, Baviphat, Tonymoly, etc through portable way as well as showrooms make the cosmetic market blooming.These brands are c onsidered affordable with good tint, compared with high end brands such as SKII, Chanel, etc. As a result, a new comer like Ginvera will meet with uncultivated competition in this potential market. The turn rival groups come from bath and household products and the products for kids. One tour around the supermarket indicated a lot of sub brand name comes from Unilever Corporation. In other word, this company are dominated the market and appear as the most redoubtable rivals of Ginvera. 4. 8. Internal managerial factorsThe Managerial force includes factors inside a company that impact its personal selling significantly, includes The force of the management, the structure of the company, the influences by other subdivision, the selling strategy in the market, and the support policies for sales people. 4. 9. 7. The capacity of the management Selling Manager of Ginvera is the one who build up the selling strategies and policies as well as the sales planning for the company in Vie tnam market. As a result, their capacity appears as one of the most important managerial factor which affects the personal selling of the company.If management has well capacity, they will give out right strategies and policies that make the personal selling for Ginvera achieve the advantage. On another case, if their capacity is not good that they brings out misemploy decisions in their strategies or policies, the sales team of Ginvera will face with many obstacles when they manage their telephone circuit, hence, cannot bring sales and revenue for the company. 4. 9. 8. The structure of the company The organizational structure has a remarkable impact on any oneness operation activity of every company, and Givera is not an special exception.Besides, it will effect on how the part work unneurotic in a comprehensive system to run the company well and achieve good result. If the structure is too complicated, Sales people will finds hardly to encourage with other incisions, henc e their selling process not only become very complicated but also prodigality a lot of valuable time. On another hand, if the structure appears too dim-witted in which sales people may have to handle many tasks at the identical time, therefore, they cannot concentrate in develop more sales. As a result, Ginvera Vietnam has to establish an appropriate structure which suitable and beneficial for the sales purpose. . 9. 9. The influences of other department severally company operate in comprehensive system in which each department influence on operation of other departments in two side way. Therefore, the operation as well to the arrangeance of sales department can be influence significantly by others such as Finance, HR, Marketing, R&D, etc. For example, the sales team is considered as the soul of selling department that they are people who decided the success of business by converting the selling plan to sales, revenue and profit, products to money and reputation.In fact, the se talented and enthusiastic people are recruited and trained by Human Resources Department. On the other hand, this department also decides the salary and reward constitution for the sale teams, encourages them to perform their best ability. 4. 9. 10. The selling strategy in the market The selling strategy appear as the guidepost for sales people to sell Ginvera in Vietnam market. If the strategy is appropriate with the Vietnamese market, personal selling can uphold its power effectively and bring more revenue to the company.For instance, in case Ginvera target its segment for the skin care products correctively, the sales people can take advantages of the blooming and demanding market, and bring more sales to the company effectively. On the other hand, if the targeting is wrong, even if the sales people try all their best, they still meet with significant hinders when they sell the product to customers. Therefore, a judicious selling strategy play the vital role which decide par tly the success of the business, hence, it must be carefully researched and issues by the management of the company. . 9. 11. The reward policy for salespeople Basically, the reward policies from Ginvera will influence significantly on the sales team as well as the revenue bring by these team. Normally, reward is considered as the biggest motivation for any sales person to perform their job. If the reward policies of the Ginvera are acceptable by the sales people, they will be move to try their best and bring more sales to the company. Meanwhile, if the reward is not worth the effort of sales people, they will not try much and have few sales.This is the reason why management of Ginvera has to consider the rewards policies for sales team as a very important elements in their marketing and selling strategy. 4. Main types of personal selling suitable for Ginvera Vietnam The personal selling is considered as one of the elements of communication mix. Today, the personal main selling ty pes can be class based on the selling environment or based on the way salespeople approach the customer. Each type have different characteristic with different advantages and disadvantages.As a result, not every method appears applicable and realistic in case of Ginvera Vietnam. In order to finding out the what is appropriate personal selling types that the company should apply, these method will be analyzed and compared with each other. 5. 9. In Business to Customer market Based on the selling environment, personal selling is divided into 3 main types telemarketing, over the return key selling and region selling. Telemarketing is a kind of direct marketing in which the salesperson using telephone to marketing the product with customers and persuade them to buy products or use services.In Vietnam, this type of selling has entered the market in some recent years. Through business relationships, the salesperson can have contact of potential customers and phone them to market the product. However, with most of Vietnamese people, this type of selling appears so painful that burn their valuable time and bump around their working when salesperson keep on calling and calling. Another method which is also not welcomed by customer is stadium selling. In fact, this type of personal selling is very popular in other foreign countries such as Malaysia.However, the significant number of deceptions cases which are issued by juke house salespeople when reporting selling was adopted in Vietnam some years ago has create an lack of sympathy preconception among Vietnamese mind. Moreover, this type of selling can also make people wonder about the gauge of the products as another preconception. While in both telemarketing and sphere selling, the salespeople go to the customer, in over the counter selling, the customers go to the salesperson. The sales team is suggested to e the salespeople who work in showrooms, supermarket chemical chains and through telephone and online consulting system of Ginvera Vietnam. In fact, most of Vietnamese customers feel familiar with this type rather than telemarketing or orbital cavity selling. There are two type of salesperson in over the counter selling, include order taker (a salesperson who only processes the purchase that the customer has already selected) and order getter ( a salesperson who seeks to actively provide information to prospects, persuade prospective customers, and close the sales).One technique that the order getter can use that suggestion selling, in which the salesperson points out available complementary items in line with the selected item, in order to encourage an extra purchases. For example, when a customer chose the greenish afternoon tea Whitening Marvel Gel, the salesperson can suggest other products from Green tea line for customer to get the best result. Therefore, in this case, the salesperson does not only satisfy customers by her consultation but also increase the sales sight significantly.On the other hand, if Ginvera Vietnam establishes the showrooms chain in shopping mall like Vincom plaza, Diamond Plaza, etc, it will create a high quality products awareness among the customers. 5. 10. In Business to business market In Business to business market, Ginvera Vietnam should change the practise of personal selling type in order to achieve the goal of sale peck as well as profit. In this situation, customers can be retailers such as big supermarket chain (Metro, Fivimart, Citimart, Intimex, etc) or distribution companies.With these customers, they always love the discount price in order to achieve profit from it, therefore, the selling policy that company imposed must be different. However, as well as single customers, the more important is building long term relationships with customers. In Vietnamese market situation, the better choice for Ginvera Vietnam is field selling. Image 5. Big supermarket chains appear as potential business customer o f Ginvera Vietnam Field selling is defined as a direct marketing method, which involve calling on prospective customers in either their business or home locations.In business to business market, it means that the salesperson needs to come to the company to sneak in the product as well as establish the relationship with these customers. Firstly, the intermediaries, especially the supermarket chain appear very open and welcome product coming from foreign countries which has clear origin. On the other hand, some supermarket chain has already arranged Ginvera products on their cases through import companies. Therefore, they are open to tempt the origin product from Origin Company.Secondly, the number of big supermarket is not so high hence, Ginvera Vietnam can meet with the human resources for this market but still saving the expensive cost for personal selling types. Thirdly, the customers in this case are big sizing companies, therefore, they will required the discount percentages a s wholesales price. In this case, it is necessary for Ginvera to have paid salespeople who are tensile enough to deal with these customers. 5.Principle of personal selling applicable for Ginvera Vietnam In order to achieve the goal of selling, the sales people from Ginvera Vietnam need to obey all the essential principles of personal selling, include sale headmasterism, negotiation skills and last but not least, relationship marketing. 6. 11. Sales professionalism The aim of sales professionalism is to provide the salespeople with a basic understanding of the sales process and to demonstrate skills and techniques used during this process to ensure that there is a professional approach employed at all times.The sales professionalism is considered as the first vital principle that all salespeople are required to obey in order to achieve the sale. The professionalism of sales team can reflect through the selling process actively, from how the customer approaches the product, discus sion the sales to provide after selling service. Firstly, every salespeople need to care about sales job as the long term career, even if they do not plan to become a fulltime salesperson. They have to keep in mind the word golden key word professional all the time.Moreover, with the professional mind, the salespeople will aware to learn how to convert the mind into actions, and learn experience through doing effectively. In addition, the customers must be considered as the center of selling process, based on the market orientation that Ginvera imposed on the company. Customer is the king, and they need to be taken care and cheated as a king. By that way, salespeople can satisfy all the customers even products are sold or not. Besides, the salesperson must be accountable to his customer and maintains a professional attitude. 6. 12. Negotiation skillsOne of peculiar(prenominal) characteristics of sales jobs is working with people. Thus, the sales people need to be trained very car efully about how to negotiate effectively with both business and single customers. In fact, each group of customers has different characteristics as well as different interests that required the difference negotiation skills. For example, both intermediaries and single consumers of Ginvera desire to buy high quality products with cheap price. In fact, while the intermediaries love low price base on the profit objectives, the consumers care more about how the products can work effectively for their skin.Moreover, the salesperson needs to build up the required flexibility in order to handle with all different selling situations. In every situation, salesperson needs to go over the negotiation without making concessions which will affect to the profit of company. However, in some case, the salesperson must be flexible that suffer lost or penetrate to break even, in order to building long term relationship with customers, especially with business customers. In theory, there are two k inds of exchange in marketing routinized exchange and negotiated exchange. Routinized exchange is to manage program of pricing and distribution.On the other hand, in negotiated exchange, price and others term area set via bargaining behavior. 6. 13. Relationship marketing Practically, marketing as well as selling does not only focus on increase the sales volume, the revenue and the profit as much as possible. The other important thing is building long term relationship with customers by providing high quality and affordable product as well as a good constitute up policy after selling. In order to build relationship with customers effectively, the salespeople from Ginvera need to learn how to be a friend with customers.In this case, the sales person should put himself on the customers position, think as the way customers think, care about their demand from little thing. By that way, they can provide the customers appropriate consultations and introduce to them which product is sui table for their problem. In beauty care industry, the harmony between the product and customers skin play the vital role in process of achieving the best result that one product can work for a this persons skin does not mean it will work well with all others.As a result, when the salesperson consult in whole hearted and cozy way, the customers will fell that they are cheated as friends that the salesperson wants to provide the best and suitable thing for them, instead of to be cheated as customers in term of sale volume and money. Therefore, even in case they cannot find out the appropriate products for their problems, customer still feel satisfy and come back to the Ginveras store again. On the other hand, long term customer can bring to the company stable revenue year by year by their repurchasing. Image 6.Relationship marketing lucre between salespeople, customers and customers. Moreover, one relationship between customer and Ginvera can be developed to a relationship network with other customers. For example, if a customer bought and use a skin care product regularly and receive the good result, she can leave a review on her blogs or leave a post on beauty forum to share her experience. Therefore, due to the fact that women are easily to fall in love with beauty care product, a lot of other girl will be attract and desire to buy and use this skin care product.However, if the customers plain about the product or the quality of service from company, other potential customers will fell apprehensive when she wants to buy and use the product. Therefore, the salesperson need to have the professional skill to satisfy all the customers, even they decide to buy the product or not. 6. The gifts in the personal selling for Ginvera Vietnam Figure 8. The sales process Basically, every sales person has to act on all steps described above in order to achieve the sale as well as satisfy the customers.Today, Ginvera produces more than 90 products from top to bottom ranging from shampoo to diapers. Therefore, each range of products need different requirement on personal selling. In order to analyze the important stages effectively, the single product range Ginvera Green afternoon tea Skin Care will be elect as the target product. Image 7. The Green tea product line of Ginvera 7. 14. Prospecting The first step of selling process is identifying prospecting or qualifying products potential.In definition, a prospect is a lead that has been qualified in terms of needs or want, ability to buy, office staff to buy, handiness, and eligibility. As this report mentioned before, most of Vietnamese women have oily or combination oily skin with blemish. These annoying musca volitans drive women crazy that they are expression for suitable products which can defeat consequences from skin problems. Basically, green tea appear as an natural remedy which contain some actives elements which is very good at putting to death bacteria, reducing blemish and pre vent them comeback.Exacting directly from green tea, Ginvera green tea skin care line is consider as an appropriate choice which can work very well with Vietnamese skin. Moreover, Ginvera comes from Malaysia, an Asiatic country. Therefore, they understand they environment as well as the characteristic of Asian skin, hence, they can research and release skin care products appear suitable with Asian skin. Moreover, concord to www. ginvera. com, the price of products is quite equal to the like line from other brand such as the Body shop (UK) or Skin food (Korean) which are affordable for middle to high income.In case Ginvera enter Vietnam, the customer can buy the product easily from showrooms or even online, hence, the potence as well as the accessibility does not appear as hinder for both customers and company. 7. 15. Planning The next stage in the personal selling process is planning or pre approaching. The cautious formulation will help the salesperson approach the customers an d close the sale easily. Firstly, the sales team must be train carefully in term of understanding about products as well as technique on selling art.Working as professional salespeople, they have to have ability to provide customers the essential information about the product and handle them effectively to achieve the sales. The salesperson also needs to understand just now the target prospects as well as the analysis between Ginvera Green teatime and rival products. From that, the salesperson can build up themselves enough knowledge and skills to work with customers and brings sales and revenue to Ginvera Vietnam. Last but not least, the company management should issue the appropriate selling strategy and planning in order to help the sales team perform the work in best condition. . 16. Approach Approaching customers is an art in which the salesperson need to achieve the acceptance from the customers that they are willing to auditory modality about the products. In many cases, th e salesperson through telemarketing receives the busy word as cop sound from customers. Therefore, where are the solutions for this problem? One of the answers is the salesperson should try to be the customers friends instead of playing a salesperson role who are trying to sell products to customers. The friendly attitude with grimace will make the customers feel satisfactory and feel free to share and receive information.Especially, in beauty care industry, using salesperson as promotion girl or guide appears popular by its effectiveness. For example, the girl who owns a trouble skin with blemish will be attracted potently by people who have the happy and smooth skin. This method will help salespeople approach the customers more easily and consult to the customer under sharing experience form as friend to friend. Ginvera should apply this method as one of marketing tactics at the same time with selling operation. 7. 17. PresentationAfter approaching customers, it is the time fo r salesperson introduce to the customers about Ginvera Green Tea products. The presentation should display enough essential information about the products, emphasize on how the products will work effectively with customers skin problems. However, the salesperson also should reveal the disadvantages of the products, instead of hiding them or especially lying customers. The development of Internet bring customers a chances to access information about products, including both advantages and disadvantages features recommended by other users.Therefore, the sales team always has to keep in mind that the customer capability test their knowledge about products as well as beauty care. Moreover, lying to customer mean salesperson do not respect customers, hence, break the relationship between company and customer? On the other hand, the information should be providing just enough for the customer in order to stimulus them find and ask more information about the products or even give them a f ree trial. 7. 18. Handling Objection After one way communication, the process will change to discourse objections stages.In other words, it is the time for salesperson to persuade the customers to buy and try on the products. in the beginning making purchasing decision, every customer will present objections to salesperson (i. e. I need skin care products which can defeat my strong and annoying blemishes). In this case, the salesperson who was trained in the skills of handling objections will have to know handles them in a confident way. Ginveras sales person has to put themselves on customers position and consider their care and demand.Therefore, they can understand what customers need and wants, hence, they can consult them effectively. This is considering as golden rule for any salesperson. In case the appropriate handling objective method is applied, the salesperson can provide more information about Ginvera Tea Tree products, and convert the customers objective to the reasons why they should try on and buy the products. 7. 19. final stage the sales After handling the objections, the salespeople have to decide when is the right moment to close the sale before the customers change their mind.There are many types of closing the sales can be applied, include direct close, forward close, summative close, demonstration close, negative close or special concession close. Based on the personality as well as characteristic of the customer, the salesperson from Ginvera will decides which one is appropriate method to apply. Closing sale occurs when the salespeople meet with prospects desire. Through the sign from prospects such as asking for endorsement or staying the money left on wallet, the salesperson can catch the chance to close the sales. Moreover, the salesperson can use some professional technique to increase the sale.For example, after persuade a girl to buy and use Green Tea products, the salesperson can ask customers if she had sisters or close frie nd meet with the same problems. 7. 20. Follow up The final stage of personal selling process is follow up or providing after selling service. In fact, Vietnamese companies often skirt this stage or display it under warranty form. Actually, this stage play the most important role in maintaining long term relationship between salesperson and customers as well as the company and the customers. Ginvera Green Tea is a skin care product line.Therefore, after the customers buy the product, salesperson should make a warmly phone call or sell an email to ensure that the products are used in right way and customers do not caught allergic by products. In addition, based on the 21 days of skin resurrection circle, after that period of time, salesperson should also arrange another phone call or email to check out whether the products work well and receiving the feedback from customers. As a result, the customers will feel they are respect and care 100% that the salesperson and company take a ll responsibilities with their products.Therefore, a good following up stage can help Ginvera have stable revenue through repurchasing sale volume by the long term customers. In case the products do not work with customers, it does not mean they will not leave the positive comment if the quality of service satisfies them. III. Conclusion Entering WTO in 2007, Vietnamese government has to follow but which committed to WTO including open the market and deoxidize the import as well as tax rate for foreign product imported to Vietnam.As a result, Vietnamese appear as a potential market with foreign firm, including which work in beauty care industry like Ginvera Vietnam. In fact, in order to enter Vietnamese market successfully, it is necessary for the company to do some market researches and build up a reasonable, realistic and suitable business strategy as well as effective functional plan. One of the most important things must be selling and personal selling plan. From the beginnin g, this report mention about the communication mix as well as the important role of it in Ginvera Vietnam case.From this element, the personal selling has been chosen to identify and analyze deeply, include some relevant topics such as the application of understanding buying behavior, the factor influence on personal selling process, proposal of marriage for appropriate personal selling types in B2B and B2C market, the principle of modern salesperson and analyzing about stages of this process. However, understanding about the application of personal selling appears not enough for the company to win Vietnamese customers heart.In order to achieve this goal and earn money from Vietnamese pocket, the company must plan to do more than that. Appendix Table of images Image 1. Coupon, discount, free gift set, etc is some example of Sale Promotion7 Image 2. Some products of Ginvera11 Image 3. Ginvera bath products are arranged with other products in Star Supermarket 36, Cat Linh street, Han oi (Photo taken in March 27, 2011)12 Image 4. In Malaysia and Singapore, Ginvera ask some famous artist to be their spokesperson in promotion campaign13 Image 5.Big supermarket chains appear as potential business customer of Ginvera Vietnam28 Image 6. Relationship marketing network between salespeople, customers and customers. 31 Image 7. The Green Tea product line of Ginvera32 Table of figure Figure 1. The Communication Mix5 Figure 2. The supporting of communication elements to each other in influence on decision making process (Sources course book, page 469)9 Figure 3. SPR model10 Figure 4. 4 elements of marketing mix11 Figure 5. Buying process18 Figure 6. PESTEL model20 Figure 7. Michael Porters 5 forces23 Figure 8.The sales process33 References * BPP Professional Education, 2004, Sales Planning and Operations, London BPP Professional Education. * BPP Professional Education, 2004, Business Strategy, London BPP Professional Education. * BPP Professional Education, 2004, Marketing Intelligence, London BPP Professional Education. * Kotler, P. , Wong,V. , Saunders, J and Armstrong, G. (2001), Principles of Marketing. third European ed. , FT/Prentice Hall, brand-new Jersey, USA. * Jeffery Lim, 2011. SPO lectures slide. * Ginvera, 2011. Online. lendable at http//ginvera. com/default. tm Access on April 10, 2011 * Wikipedia, 2011. Sales promotion Online acquirable at http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sales_promotion Access April 10, 2011 * Neil Rackham, 2010. Principle of personal selling Online gettable at http//www. slideshare. net/mochkurniawan/principle-of-personal-selling Access April 11, 2011 * WTEC, 2011. Sales professionalism Online functional at http//www. wtec. ie/sales-training/sales-professionalism. html Access April 12, 2011 * customary Statistic Office, 2011. Social economic in 2010 Online Available at http//www. so. gov. vn/default. aspx? tabid=621&ItemID=10835 Access April 11, 2011 * Vnexpress, 2011. World Bank forecast on Vietnam inflation in 2011 at 9. 5% Online Available at http//vnexpress. net/gl/kinh-doanh/2011/03/ngan-hang-the-gioi-lam-phat-2011-cua-vn-se-la-9-5/ Access April 15, 2011 * General Statistic Office, 2011. Social economic in 2010 Online Available at http//www. gso. gov. vn/default. aspx? tabid=387&idmid=3&ItemID=9865Access April 11, 2011 * General Statistic Office, 2011. Social economic in 2010 Online Available at http//www. so. gov. vn/default. aspx? tabid=387&idmid=3&ItemID=9856 Access April 11, 2011 1 . 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